Section 4.5: History of Calculating Devices

4.5 Outline

  1. First calculating tool
  2. Early calculating devices
    1. abacus
    2. Napier’s rods
    3. slide rule
  3. Mechanical calculators
    1. Pascal’s calculator
    2. Babbage’s calculating machine
  4. Hand-held calculators
  5. First computers
    1. ENIAC
    2. UNIVAC I
  6. Present-day computers
    1. Cray supercomputer
    2. Tianhe-2 supercomputer
    3. minicomputers
    4. history of the internet
    5. personal computers
See the whole entry

Section 4.1: Early Numeration Systems

4.1 Outline

  1. Basic ideas
    1. number
    2. counting number
    3. numeral
    4. numeration system
  2. Egyptian numeration system
    1. simple grouping system
    2. hieroglyphic symbols
    3. addition principle
    4. repetitive system
  3. Roman numeration system
    1. Roman numerals
    2. subtractive principle
    3. multiplicative principle
  4. Babylonian numeration system
    1. positional system
    2. cuneiform symbols
    3. properties of
See the whole entry