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4.5 Outline

1. First calculating tool
2. Early calculating devices
   1. abacus
   2. Napier’s rods
   3. slide rule
3. Mechanical calculators
   1. Pascal’s calculator
   2. Babbage’s calculating machine
4. Hand-held calculators
5. First computers
   1. ENIAC
   2. UNIVAC I
6. Present-day computers
   1. Cray supercomputer
   2. Tianhe-2 supercomputer
   3. minicomputers
   4. history of the internet
   5. personal computers